Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices

Dr. Hari Singh Nalwa is the Managing Director of the Stanford Scientific Corporation in Los Angeles, California. Previously, he was Head of Department and R&D Manager at the Ciba Specialty Chemicals Corporation in Los Angeles (1999-2000) and a staff scientist at the Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., Japan (1990-1999).

He has authored over 150 scientific articles in journals and books. He has 18 patents, either issued or applied for on electronic and photonic materials and devices based on them.

He has published 11 books, including this 10 volume handbook set: Ferroelectric Polymers (Dekker, 1995), Nonlinear Optics of Organic Molecules and Polymers (CRC Press, 1997), Organic Electroluminescent Materials and Devices (Gordon & Breach, 1997), Handbook of Organic Conductive Molecules and Polymers,

Vols. 1-4 (Wiley, 1997), Low and High Dielectric Constant Materials, Vols. 1 and 2 (Academic Press, 1999), Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, Vols. 1-5 (Academic Press, 1999), Advanced Functional Molecules and Polymers,

Vols. 1-4 (Gordon & Breach, 2000), Photodetectors and Fiber Optics (Academic Press, 2000), Silicon-Based Materials and Devices (Academic Press, 2000), and Supramolecular Photo-sensitive and Electro-active Materials (Academic Press, 2000).

The Handbook of Nanostructured Materials and Nanotechnology, which he edited, received the 1999 Award of Excellence in Engineering Handbooks from the Association of American Publishers.

Dr. Nalwa is the founder and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines published by John Wiley & Sons (1996-) and serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Macromolecular Science-Physics (1994-), Applied Organometallic Chemistry (1993-1999), International Journal of Photoenergy (1998-),

And Photonics Science News (1995-). He also serves as a referee for many international journals that includes/Journal of American Chemical Society, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Applied Physics Letters, Journal of Applied Physics, Chemistry of Materials, Journal of Materials Science, Coordination Chemistry Reviews,

Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, Journal of Macromolecular Science-Physics, Applied Physics, Materials Research Bulletin, and Optical Communications.

Dr. Nalwa helped organize the First International Symposium on the Crystal Growth of Organic Materials (Tokyo, 1989) and the Second International Symposium on Phthalocyanines (Edinburgh, 1998) under the auspices of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

He also proposed a conference on porphyrins and phthalocyanines to the scientific community that, in part, was intended to promote public awareness of the Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, which he founded in 1996.

As a member of the organizing committee, he helped effectuate the First International Conference on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines held in Dijon, France, in 2000.

Dr. Nalwa is a member of the American Chemical Society (ACS), the American Physical Society (APS), the Materials Research Society (MRS), The Electrochemical Society (ECS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).

He has been awarded a number of prestigious fellowships, including a National Merit Scholarship, an Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) Fellowship, a Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) Senior Fellowship, an NEC Fellowship, and a Japanese Government Science & Technology Agency (STA) Fellowship.

He was an Honorary Visiting Professor at the Indian Institute of Technology in New Delhi. Dr. Nalwa has been cited in the Who’s Who in Science and Engineering, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in the World, and the Dictionary of International Biography.

Dr. Nalwa received a B.Sc. in biosciences from Meerut University in 1974, an M.Sc. in organic chemistry from the University of Roorkee in 1977, and a Ph.D. in polymer science from the Indian Institute of Technology in New Delhi in 1983.

His thesis research focused on the electrical properties of macromolecules. Since then, his research activities and professorial career have been devoted to electronic and photonic organic and polymeric materials studies.

His endeavors include molecular design, chemical synthesis, spectroscopic characterization, structure-property relationships, and evaluation of novel high-performance materials applied to electronic and photonic applications.

He was a guest scientist at the Hahn-Meitner Institute in Berlin, Germany (1983), and a research associate at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles (1984- 1987) and the State University of New York at Buffalo (1987-1988).

In 1988, he moved to the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology as a lecturer (1988-1990), teaching and conducting research on electronic and photonic materials.

His research activities include studies of ferroelectric polymers, nonlinear optical materials for integrated optics, low and high-dielectric constant materials for microelectronics packaging, electrically conducting polymers,

electroluminescent materials, nanocrystalline and nanostructured materials, photocuring polymers, polymer electrets, organic semiconductors, Langmuir-Blodgett films, high temperature-resistant polymer composites, water-soluble polymers, rapid modeling, and stereolithography.

Advanced Electronic and Photonic Contents

• Chapter 1. Synthesis, Electrical, And Optical Properties Of Conjugated Polymers
• Chapter 2. Conjugated Polymer Films For Molecular And Ionic Recognition
• Chapter 3. Polyacetylene And Its Analogs: Synthesis And Physical Properties 
• Chapter 4. Synthesis, Properties, And Applications Of Poly(/?-Phenylene Vinylene)S
• Chapter 5. Self-Organized Supramolecular Polymer Structures To Control Electrical Conductivity
• Chapter 6. Spectroelectrochemistry Of Conducting Polymers
• Chapter 7. Electronic Spectra Of Conjugated Polymers And Oligomers 
• Chapter 8. Stability Of Electrically Conducting Polymers

Preface to Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices

Electronic and photonic materials are the key elements of continued scientific growth and technological advances in the new millennium.

The electronic and photonic materials discussed in this handbook include semiconductors, superconductors, ferroelectrics, low- and high-K dielectrics, sol-gel materials, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes,

liquid crystals, conducting polymers, organic conductors, nonlinear optical materials, electrochromic materials, laser materials, photoactive chalcogenide glasses, photoconductors, photovoltaic and electroluminescent materials, nanostructured materials, confined systems, supramolecular and self-assemblies, and soft magnetic materials.

Compared to electronic materials, photonic materials enable the transport and processing of information at the speed of light.

In the communication age of the 21st century, a major technological thrust is to move forward with photonic and optoelectronic technologies as a replacement to the traditional electronic technologies currently utilized to perform various functions such as acquisition, processing, transmission, storage, and display of information.

The present boom in fiber optics technology is an excellent example of how much impact photonics technologies have on the advancement of our society.

These materials have already been used and will be the most important components of the next generation of semiconductor devices, the internet, computers, information technology, wireless and telecommunications,

satellite communications, integrated circuits, photocopiers, wireless telephones, solar cells, batteries, light-emitting diodes, liquid crystal displays, magnetooptic memories, audio and video systems, recordable compact discs, video cameras, coatings.

X-ray technology, advanced lithium batteries, nonvolatile memories, multilayer capacitors, color imaging, printing, flat-panel displays, waveguides, cable televisions, modulators, computer chips, magnetooptic disks, transducers, optoelectronics, lithography, holographic recording, solid-state lasers, and molecular-sized transistors and switches,

as well as other emerging cutting edge technologies. Electronic and photonic materials are expected to grow to a trillion-dollar industry in the new millennium and will be the most dominant forces in various fields of science and engineering.

This is the first handbook ever published on electronic and photonic materials, that summarizes the advances made over past the three decades.

This handbook is a unique source of in-depth knowledge of molecular design, synthesis, processing, spectroscopy, physical properties, and applications of electronic and photonic materials.

This handbook contains 73 state-of-the-art review chapters written by over 180 world-leading experts from 25 countries.

With over 25,000 bibliographic citations and thousands of figures, tables, photographs, chemical structures, and equations, this handbook represents the work of the most renowned scientists in the international scientific community.

It has been divided into 10 parts based on thematic topics:

• Volume 1: Semiconductors

• Volume 2: Semiconductor Devices

• Volume 3: High Tc Superconductors and Organic Conductors

• Volume 4: Ferroelectrics and Dielectrics

• Volume 5: Chalcogenide Glasses and Sol-Gel Materials

• Volume 6: Nanostructured Materials

• Volume 7: Liquid Crystals, Display, and Laser Materials

• Volume 8: Conducting Polymers

• Volume 9: Nonlinear Optical Materials

• Volume 10: Light-Emitting Diodes, Lithium Batteries, and Polymer Devices

Volume 1 includes topics on the growth and doping of Ti-based II-VI layers and quantum structures by molecular beam epitajg^, gallium arsenide heterostructures, photoluminescence in GaN and InGaN and their photonic applications, processing of compound semiconductors,

hydrogen in wide bandgap semiconductors, wet etching of semiconductors, combinatorial synthesis and high throughput evaluation of electronic and photonic material chips, and coherent effects in semiconductor heterostructures.

The applications of semiconductors materials are discussed in Volume 2. The various topics on semiconductor devices include Si/GeSi heterostructures for Si-based nanoelectronics, impact ionization in compound semiconductor devices,

quantum dot optoelectronic devices, failure mechanisms in compound semiconductors, electron devices, semiconductor quantum materials and their applications in electronics and optoelectronics, and photoelectromotive force effects in semiconductors.

Volume 3 focuses on high Tc superconductors and organic conductors. Topics on superconductors include high Tc superconductors for small scale devices, processing and characterization of Bi-based single crystals and tapes, grain connectivity, and vortex pinning in high-temperature superconductors, and yttrium-barium-copper oxide as an infrared sensing material.

The various topics on organic conductors include high magnetic field studies of quasi-two-dimensional organic conductors based on BEDTTTF, quinonoid TT-extended tetrathiafulvalenes, supramolecular aspects of organic conductors, intramolecular electronic transfer phenomena in organic mixed-valence compounds, and organic conducting composites.

Ferroelectric and dielectric materials comprise Volume 4. This volume contains reviews on pyroelectricity:

the fundamentals and applications, crystal growth, characterization, and domain studies in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate ferroelectrics, bismuth vanadate, the electric field influence on acoustic waves, dielectric ceramics, and low dielectric constant materials for microelectronics interconnects.

Volume 5 includes topics on chalcogenide glasses and sol-gel materials. This volume focuses on conduction and its related phenomena in ion-conducting glasses, photoinduced phenomena in amorphous chalcogenides from phenomenology to nanoscale, photoinduced and electron-beam phenomena in Ag-rich amorphous chalcogenide semiconductors,

photoinduced anisotropy in chalcogenide glasses, the nonlinear optical and spectral hole-burning properties of photonic glasses, the structure, chemistry, and applications of sol-gel derived materials, modified sol-gel and Metallo-organic deposition techniques for processing oxide films, and sol-gel coatings for optical and dielectric applications.

In Volume 6, various topics related to nanotechnology and nanostructured materials are discussed.

The topics include electrochemically self-assembled ordered nanostructured arrays (quantum dots, dashes, and wires), mechanical spectroscopy of nanostructured metallic systems, soft amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic materials, nanoporous materials for microlasers and microresonators, nanoporous materials for optical applications, optical properties and impurity states in nanostructured materials, and confined systems and nanostructured materials.

Volume 7 summarizes new trends on liquid crystals, display, and laser materials. The topics include liquid crystals for electro-optic applications, switchable holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystals, electrochromism and electrochromic materials for displays,

materials for solid-state dye lasers, photophysical properties of laser dyes and correlations with the lasing characteristics, the interplay of anisotropy and orientational relaxation processes in luminescence, and lasing of dyes and photosensitive materials for holographic recording.

Electrically conducting polymers are discussed in Volume 8. The coverage in this volume includes the synthesis, and electrical and optical properties of conjugated polymers, conjugated polymer films for molecular and ionic recognition,

polyacetylene and its analogs, synthesis, properties, and applications of poly(/^-phenylenevinylenes), self-organized supramolecular polymer structures to control electrical conductivity, spectroelectrochemistry of conducting polymers, electronic spectra of conjugated polymers and oligomers, and the degradation and stability of electrically conducting polymers.

Nonlinear optical materials and their applications are discussed in Volume 9. The various topics include calculation of dynamic hyperpolarizabilities for small and medium-sized molecules, theoretical aspects of the design of organic molecular and polymeric nonlinear optical materials,

design and characterization of organic and organometallic molecules for second-order nonlinear optics, crystal growth, processing, and physical properties of photonic crystals, hyper-Rayleigh scattering:

molecular, supramolecular, and device characterization by incoherent second-order nonlinear light scattering, nonlinear optical properties of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, third-order optical nonlinearity in polydiacetylene waveguides at telecommunications wavelengths, organic materials for optical limiting, and Bragg grating in optical fibers.

Volume 10 includes topics on organic and polymer-based Hght emitting diodes, optical devices based on conducting polymers, intercalation compounds for advanced lithium batteries, polymer electrets for electronics, sensor, and photonic applications, charge transporting polymers and molecular glasses, and electrochemically prepared thin films for solar cells.

I hope these volumes will be very useful for libraries in universities and industrial institutions, governments, and independent institutes, upper-level undergraduate and graduate students,

individual research groups, and scientists working in the field of materials science, solid-state physics, chemistry, nanotechnology, electrical and electronics engineering, polymer science, spectroscopy,

crystallography, electrochemistry, xerography, superconductivity, optical engineering, device engineering, computational engineering, photophysics, data storage and information technology, and for the technocrats, who are involved in the science and engineering of electronic and photonic materials and devices.

This handbook is the end product of the marvelous cooperation of many distinguished experts, who devoted their valuable time and effort to write excellent state-of-the-art review chapters. I am highly thankful to all contributing authors.

I highly appreciate all publishers and authors for granting us copyright permissions to use their illustrations for the review chapters in this handbook.

I am grateful to my former mentors. Dr. Akio Mukoh and Dr. Shuuichi Oohara at Hitachi Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd., for their kind support and encouragement during my stay in Japan.

I also extend my special thanks to Krishi Pal Raghuvanshi, Rakesh Misra, Professor Satya Vir Arya, Professor Padma Vasudevan, Jagmer Singh, Ranvir Singh Chaudhary, and other colleagues who supported my efforts to bringing this handbook to fruition.

Finally, I greatly appreciate my wife. Dr. Beena Singh Nalwa, for her continuous cooperation and patience for enduring this work at home during weekends and late nights.

The moral support of my parents, Sri Kadam Singh and Srimati Sukh Devi, and the love of my children, Surya, Ravina, and Eric during this exciting enterprise are also appreciated.

I express my sincere gratitude to Professor N. Bloembergen for his insightful foreword.

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